======Illumination======
=====Spell Information=====
Illumination in the magical world is most commonly achieved through the **[[Wand-Lighting Charm]]**, a fundamental and widely used spell. There are several variations of this charm.
  * **Incantation:** `[[Lumos]]` (Standard Wand-Lighting Charm), `[[Lumos Solem]]` (Sunlight Charm), `[[Lumos Maxima]]` (Maximum Light Charm)
  * **Pronunciation:** //LOO-mos//, //LOO-mos SO-lem//, //LOO-mos MAX-i-ma//
  * **Wand Movement:** None is specified in the novels for the standard `[[Lumos]]` charm.
  * **Light:** A small, torch-like light at the tip of the `[[wand]]` (`[[Lumos]]`); a blindingly bright, warm flash of sunlight (`[[Lumos Solem]]`); a powerful burst of bright white light that can illuminate a large area (`[[Lumos Maxima]]`).
  * **Effect:** Creates a light source at the end of the caster's `[[wand]]`, serving as a magical flashlight. The variations produce different intensities and types of light.
  * **Type:** [[Charm]]
=====History and Known Uses=====
The `[[Wand-Lighting Charm]]` is one of the most practical and frequently used spells in the series, employed by witches and wizards of all ages for basic illumination.
  * **General Use:** The charm is first mentioned when [[Harry Potter]] uses it to do his [[History of Magic]] homework under the blankets at [[Number Four, Privet Drive]] to avoid detection by the [[Dursleys]]. Throughout the series, it is used constantly by nearly every character to navigate dark corridors, outdoor areas at night, and unlit rooms. Notable locations where it is used extensively include the [[Forbidden Forest]], the [[Chamber of Secrets]], the [[Shrieking Shack]], and [[the Cave]] containing the locket [[Horcrux]].
  * **`[[Lumos Solem]]`:** This specific variation was used by [[Hermione Granger]] in her first year to repel a patch of [[Devil's Snare]] that had entangled [[Ron Weasley]]. As the plant thrives in darkness, the sudden burst of magical sunlight caused it to recoil, freeing him.
  * **`[[Lumos Maxima]]`:** While not appearing by name in the original seven novels, the effect of a more powerful `[[Lumos]]` is described. For instance, [[Albus Dumbledore]] creates a light bright enough to illuminate the vastness of the underground lake and cavern when seeking the [[Horcrux]] with [[Harry]].
  * **Restrictions:** Casting `[[Lumos]]` outside of school is a violation of the [[Decree for the Reasonable Restriction of Underage Sorcery]], as [[Harry]] fears he will be detected by the [[Ministry of Magic]] when he uses it at the start of his second year.
=====Learning and Counter-Spells=====
The standard `[[Lumos]]` charm is considered elementary magic and is likely taught to first or second-year students in [[Charms]] class at [[Hogwarts]]. Its frequent and casual use by the main characters suggests it requires little concentration to perform once mastered.
The primary counter-spell is the **[[Wand-Extinguishing Charm]]**, with the incantation `[[Nox]]`. This immediately extinguishes the light produced by `[[Lumos]]`.
=====Etymology=====
The incantations for this family of spells are derived from Latin.
  * **`[[Lumos]]`:** Derived from the Latin word //lumen//, meaning "light."
  * **`[[Solem]]`:** The accusative case of the Latin word //sol//, meaning "sun."
  * **`[[Maxima]]`:** The feminine form of the Latin word //maximus//, meaning "greatest" or "largest."
=====Behind the Scenes=====
  * The incantation `[[Lumos Maxima]]` was created for the film adaptation of //Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban//, where [[Harry]] is seen practicing it under his bedcovers. It was later incorporated into supplementary materials like video games and [[Pottermore]].
  * In the film series, the light from `[[Lumos]]` is often depicted as a free-floating orb of light rather than a beam emanating directly from the `[[wand]]`'s tip as described in the novels.
  * **Lumos**, the name of the charm, was chosen by author [[J.K. Rowling]] as the name for her international children's charity, which works to end the institutionalisation of children. The counter-charm, `[[Nox]]` (Latin for "night"), is used for the charity's fundraising arm.